AIR BAG AND SEAT BELT AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY SYSTEM

ANTI LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM

PLASTIC AND THEIR PROPERTIES

A PLASTIC CAN BE BROUGHTLY DEFINED AS ANY NON METALLIC MATERIAL THAT CAN BE MOULDED TO DESIRED SHAPE. THE MOST COMMON DEFINITION OF PLASTIC IS THAT THEY ARE NATURAL OR SYNTHETIC RESINS , OR THEIR COMPOUNDS WHICH CAN BE MOULDED , EXTRUDED , CAST OR USED AS FILM OR COATINGS. MOST PLASTICS ARE OF ORGANIC NATURE COMPOSED OF H, O2 , C AND N .

PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC

• LIGHT IN WEIGHT
• A WIDE RANGE OF COLOURS
• LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
• RESISTANCE TO DETERIORATION BY MOISTURE
• LOW ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
• GOOD RESISTANCE OFFERED TO ATTACK BY INORGANIC ACIDS , BASES AND SALTS
• THEY ARE TRANSPARENT AND TRANSLUCENT
• PLASTICS IN MANY CASES ARE NON FLAME ABLE , SELF EXTINGUISHING AND BURN VERY SLOWLY

BESSEMER CONVERTER

                                             BESSEMER CONVERTER
THIS PROCESS MAKE USE OF PEAR SHAPE  IRON CONVERTER WHICH IS SUPPLIED WITH PIG IRON MELTED IN CUPOLA. THE CONVERTER IS LINED WITH FIRE BRICKS AND CAN  REVOLVE ABOUT HORIZONTAL TRUNNIONS . THE BOTTOM IS PIERCED BY A NUMBER OF TUYERES CONNECTING WITH  WIND BOX UNDERNEATH AND MADE DETACHABLE SINCE THE BEAR IT IS VERY SEVERE. IT IS USUALLY CHANGED AFTER EVERY FIFTEEN TO TWENTY BLOWS . TO RECEIVE THE CHARGE THE CONVERTER IS TURN DOWN IN THE HORIZONTAL POSITION AND AGAIN BROUGHT TO VERTICAL POSITION

A STRONG BLAST OF AIR IS SUPPLIED TO THE CHARGE ABOUT 20 MINUTE . THE METAL BECOMES AGITATED BY THE PASSAGE OF AIR BLAST AND A SHOWER OF SPARKS IS CONTINUOUSLY EMITTED FROM THE MOUTH OF CONVERTER.

IRON OXIDE IS FORMED WHICH INTERN REACT WITH THE IMPURITY FORMED IN THE IRON . SILICON IS THE FIRST TO BE REMOVED AS IT IS MOIST EASILY OXIDES OF THE ELEMENT PRESENT 

Si + 2Fe -> SiO2 + 2Fe  

AS THE FLOW PROCEED A FLAME GRADUALLY APPEARS AT THE MOUTH OF THE VESSEL AND MANGANESE STARTS OXIDISING SOME OF THE OXIDES OF Si , Mn , AND Fe ARE EJECTED IN THE FORM BROWN FUMES BUT THOSE REMAINING IN THE CONVERTER COMBINES TO FORM A SLAG WHICH FLOATS ON A METAL . THE LAST ELEMENT TO BE ELIMINATED IS THE IS THE CARBON WHICH FOLLOW THE REACTION 

C + FeO --->    CO + FE

THE BLAST IS SHUT OFF AND A QUALITY OF FERROMANGNESE OR SOME OTHER SUITABLE ALLOY STEEL AS REQUIRED IS ADDED AND THE BLAST IS RESUMED FOR FEW MINUTES . THE CONVERTER IS DENSE INTO DISCHARGING POSITION AND DISCHARGED INTO LADELS FROM WHICH THE METAL IS POURED IN MOULDS WHERE IT SOLIDIFIES TO FORM INGOTS.

WATCH THE VIDEO 

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL

ELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL

• RESISTIVITY - IT IS THE CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTY OF THE MATERIAL OF WHICH THE CONDUCTOR IS MADE . IT IS THAT ELECTRICAL PROPERTY OF A MATERIAL DUE TO WHICH IT RESIST THE FLOW OF ELECTRICITY THROUGH IT.
• CONDUCTIVITY - IT IS THE RECIPROCAL OF ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY . IT IS THAT PROPERTY OF A MATERIAL DUE TO WHICH THE ELECTRIC CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE MATERIAL
• DIELECTRIC STRENGHT - IT MEANS THAT THE INSULATING CAPACITY OF A MATERIAL AGAINST HIGH VOLTAGE . IT IS AN INSULATION 
• SUPER CONDUCTOR - IT REFERS TO PHENOMENON OF ABRUPT DROP OF RESISTIVITY OF SOME METAL AT A TEMPERATURE CALLED SUPER CONDUCTING TRANSITION TEMPERATURE BEFORE ABSOLUTE ZERO IS REACHED EXAMPLE THIS TRANSITION TEMP. IS 0.4 K FOR TITANIUM , 1.17 K FOR ALUMINIUM

ADIABATIC PROCESS

                                      ADIABATIC PROCESS
A PROCESS IN WHICH THE WORKING SUBSTANCE NEITHER RECEIVES NOR GIVES OUT HEAT TO ITS SURROUNDING DURING ITS EXPENSION OR COMPRESSION IS CALLED ADIABATIC PROCESS . THIS WILL HAPPEN WHEN THE WORKING SUBSTANCE REMAINS THERMALY INSULATED SO THAT NO HEAT ENTERS OR LEAVES IT DURING THE PROCESS. IT IS THUS OBIOUS  THAT IN AN ADIABATIC PROCESS

• NO HEAT ENTERS OR LEAVES THE GAS
• THE TEMPERATURE OF GAS CHANGES AS THE WORK IS DONE AT THE COST OF INTERNAL ENERGY

LET P1 V1 T1 IS PRESSURE VOLUME AND TEMPERATURE AT INITIAL STATE 1
P2 V2 T2 IS PRESSURE VOLUME AND TEMPERATURE AT FINAL STATE 2

WHEEL

                                                        WHEEL

FUNCTIONS OF WHEEL

• TO TAKE VEHICLE LOAD
• PROVIDE A CUSHIONING EFFECT
• STEERING CONTROL

REQUIREMENT OF AUTOMOBILE WHEEL

• STRONG ( TO PERFORM FUNCTION )
• BALANCED ( STATICALLY AND DYNAMICALLY )
• LIGHT IN WEIGHT 
• REMOVE OR MOUNT EASILY
• MATERIAL OF WHEEL PROVIDED SUITABLE WHEEL PROTECTION

TYPES OF WHEEL

• PRESSED STEEL DISC WHEEL
• WIRE STEEL
• LIGHT ALLOY WHEEL
  
  
  
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• WATCH VIDEO NOW
•  

BMW i3EVs fails in NHTSA crash test

BMW I3 EVs fails in NHTSA crash tests and after that BMW issuing a voluntary recalls for all i3 EVs sold in the U.S both all electric and range extended . In Germany the automakers also issuing a stop sale

According to documents provided to BMW dealers the recall effects i3s sold in the U.S from model years 2014 through 2018 that’s all of them about 30542 units total. It fails in a front rigid barrier crash.

According to NHTSA test the higher risk of neck injury to  the person specially a lady whose height  about 5 feet . the advising later will receive to the owner advising them to recall in January. Customers continues to drive their i3 EVs in the mean time and are confident of the cars safety when the driver wears seat belt in  all , the recall does not seem like such a big deal except that it affects the entire nameplate said by the automakers.

"While BMW's compliance testing showed results well below the required limits, more recent testing has shown inconsistent results," BMW said in a statement. "Consequently, BMW has issued a recall and is working with the agency to understand the differences in the test results. A remedy is forthcoming."

But Don’t forget to wear your seat belt.

watch video

working of gasoline engine

WORKING OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

WORKING OF CAR ENGINE

https://b.querylead.com/?aff=m&id=3361537&source=default

WORKING OF DIESEL ENGINE

PART 1 

PART 2

the final chapter

https://b.querylead.com/?aff=m&id=3361537&source=default

ALLOY STEEL

ALLOY STEEL

WHEN CERTAIN SPECIFIC PROPERTIES ARE DESIRED SOME ELEMENT SUCH AS NICKEL , CHROMIUM , MANGNESE , VANADIUM ,ETC. ARE ADDED TO THE CARBON STEEL . THE STEEL THUS OBTAIN IS CALLED ALLOY STEEL

PURPOSE OF ALLOYING

v  TO IN PART A FINE GRAIN SIZE TO STEEL

v  TO IMPROVE CASE HARDENING PROPERTIES

v  TO IMPROVE ELASTICITY

v  TO IMPROVE CORROSION AND FATIQUE RESISTANCE

v  TO IMPROVE HARDNESS,TOUGHNESS AND TENSILE STRENGTH

v  TO IMPROVE MACHINEABILITY

v  TO IMPROVE CUTTING ABILITY

v  TO STRENGTHEN THE FERRITE

v  TO IMPROVE DUCTILITY

v  TO IMPROVE HIGH OR LOW TEMPERATURE STABILITY

v  TO IMPROVE WEAR RESISTANT 

OPEN HEARTH FURNACE

                                           OPEN HEARTH FURNACE

  

  

   Ø  THE FURNACE USED IN THIS PROCESS RESSEMBLES THE REVERBERATORY                   FURNACE

   Ø  PIG IRON IS MELTED IN THE FURNACE AND LARGE QUANTITY OF SCRAP IRON OR       STEEL IS DISSOLVED  IN THE LIQUID BATH    

   Ø  THE SOURCE  OF HEAT IS HEATED AIR AND COAL GAS

   Ø  IN THIS FURNACE A GREAT  ECONOMY IS OBTAINED BY THE UTILIZATION OF           THE HEAT OF THE HOT GASES OF COMBUSTION

   Ø  THESE GASES ARE MADE TO PASS THROUGH BRICK GRATINGS OF TWO                             REGENRATORS BEFORE LEAVING THE CHIMNEY

   Ø  THE AIR AND GAS ON THE OTHER HAND TRANSVERSE THROUGH TWO OTHER              CHAMBERS AFTER AN HOUR FLOW IS REVERSED

   Ø  THE INTENSE HEAT PRODUCE BY BURNING OF AIR AND COAL GAS KEEPS THE               CHARGE IN THE MOLTEN CONDITION

   Ø  SILICON GETS CONVERTED INTO SILICATES AND IS REMOVED AS A SLAG AND                CARBON BURNS TO CARBON DIOXIDE LEAVING PURE IRON   

   Ø  A  MEASURE QUANTITY OF FERROMAGNESE OR SUITABLE ALLOY IS ADDED  TO          SUPPLY  THE NECESSARY CARBON , MANGANESE,CHROMIUM,NICKEL

   Ø  THE LIQUID STEEL FINALLY IS POURED INTO THE MOULDS THROUGH LADLES

   Ø  THE FURNACE LINING MAY BE BASIC OR ACIDIC DEPENDING UPON THE FACT       WHETHER PHOSPHOROUS PRESENT OR ABSENT IN THE PIG IRON

   Ø  ACID LINING COMPRICES OF EITHER SILICA OR GANISTER (83%QUARTZ 13%CLAY     4%MOISTURE AND OTHER IMPURTIES

   Ø  BASIC LINING IS USUALLY MAGNISITE (MgCO3) OR DOLOMITE (CaCO3.MgCO3)

CUPOLA FURNACE

                                                              CUPOLA

THE PRODUCT OF THE BLAST FURNACE THAT IS PIG IRON IS UNSUITABLE FOR CASTING AS IT CONTAINS IMPURITY IN HIGH PERCENTAGE. TO MAKE IT SUITABLE FOR DESIRED PURPOSE IT IS REFINED IN THE FURNACE KNOWN AS CUPOLA AND THE REFINED PRODUCT IS CALLED CAST IRON.

1.                   IT IS VERY SIMILAR TO A BLAST FURNANCE IN PRINCIPLE
2.                  IT IS A VERTICAL SHAFT FURNANCE IN TO WHICH THE ROW MATERIAL AND        FUEL ARE CHARGED AT THE TOP
3.                AIR FOR COMBUSTION OF FUEL IS INTRODUCED THROUGH ONE OR MORE              ROWS OF TUYERS A SHORT DISTANCE ABOVE THE BOTTOM. ITS DIAMETER          VARIES FROM 1-2 METER WITH A HEIGHT OF 4-5 TIMES DIAMETER

WORKING

IN A CUPOLA THE FIRST OPERATION IS TO LIT THE FIRE AT THE BOTTOM. WHEN A FIRE IS BURNING STRONGLY COKE IS ADDED SLOWLY TILL THE LEVEL ABOVE THE TUYERS IS 0.6 METER. THIS COKE SERVES AS A BED FOR THE ALTERNATE CHARGES OF METAL AND COKE WHICH FOLLOW WHEN THE CUPOLA IS FILLED UP TO THE CHARGING DOOR AND THE BLAST IS PUT ON AND THE COMBUSTION OF COKE NEAR THE TUYERS INCREASES RAPIDLY UNTILL A VERY INTENSE HEAT IS ATTAINED.

THE GASES OF COMBUSTION MOVES UPWARDS AND PASS ON A PORTION OF THE HEAT TO THE METAL AND COKE WAITING TO DESEND, IN 5-6 MINUTES THE FIRST CHARGE OF METAL STARTS MELTING AND TRICKLES DOWN THROUGH THE COKE AND FINALLY COLLAPSE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE CUPOLA. WHEN AN ADEQUATE QUANTITY COLLECTED/ACCUMULATED THE PLUG OF CLAY CALLED BOUT IS REMOVE FROM THE TAP HOLE AND METAL ALLOWS O RUN INTO THE LADDLE. THE TEMPERATURE OF  TAPPING IS 1200 -1400*C

MULTI PLATE CLUTCH

MULTI PLATE CLUTCH

IT IS EXTENSION OF SINGLE PLATE TYPE WITH NUMBER OF FRICTION AND METAL PLATE INCREASES. INCREASE IN NUMBER OF FRICTION PLATE INCREASE THE CAPACITY OF CLUTCH TO TRANSMIT THE TORQUE AND THE SIZE REMAIN FIX AND THE OVERALL DIAMETER OF CLUTCH REDUCE FOR SAME TRANSMISSION AS THE SINGLE PLATE CLUTCH . A SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM OF MULTI PLATE IS SHOW THE CONSTRUCTION IS SAME THAT OF SINGLE PLATE TYPE EXCEPT THAT ALL THE FRICTION PLATES IN THIS ARE A SET OF TWO , ONE SET OF PLATE SLIDE IN THE GROOVE ON THE FLYWHEEL AND OTHER ONE SLIDE ON THE SUPPLY OF THE PRESSURE PLATE HUB . ALTERNATE PLATE BELONG TO EACH SET AS SHOWN IN FIGURE FRICTION PLATE OF MULTI PLATE CLUTCH

APPLICATION
THIS TYPE OF CLUTCH IS USED IN SOME HEAVY VEHICLES,A RACING CAR WHERE HIGH TORQUE TO BE TRANSMITTED , IT IS ALSO APPLICABLE IN  SCOOTER AND MOTOR CYCLE WHERE SPACE IS LIMITED

SINGLE PLATE CLUTCH

             
       

SINGLE PLATE CLUTCH 

CONSTRUCTION 

FIGURE SHOW THAT A SINGLE PLATE CLUTCH .

IT CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING MAIN COMPONENT

FRICTION PLATE

SPRING

HUB

FRICTION FACING 

CLUTCH PEDAL

WORKING / OPERATION

DISENGAGE    WHEN THE CLUTCH PEDAL IS PRESS THE PRESSURE PLATE IS MOVE TO THE RIGHT AGAINST THE FORCE OF THE SPRING AND THIS IS OPERATED BY  SUITABLE LINKAGE AND A THRUST BEARING WITH THIS MOMENT OF PRESSURE PLATE THE FRICTION PLATE IS MOVE AND CLUTCH IS DISENGAGE 

ADVANTAGES

• GEAR CHANGING IS EASY
• PEDAL MOVEMENT IS LESS
• IT IS MORE RELIABLE

DISADVANTAGES

• GREATER FORCE REQUIRE TO BE  APPLY BY DRIVER WHEN DISENGAGE

CLUTCH , REQUIREMENT OF CLUTCH AND MAIN TYPES OF CLUTCH

                                                      CLUTCH

IT IS THE MECHANISM WHICH ENABLES THE ROTARY MOTION OF ONE SHAFT TO BE TRANSMITTED , WHEN DESIRED , TO A SECOND SHAFT THE AXIS OF WHICH IS COINCIDENT WITH THAT OF THE FIRST.

REQUIREMENT OF CLUTCH

1      1.       GRADUAL ENGAGEMENT

2      2.       TORQUE TRANSMISSION

3      3.       DYNAMIC BALANCING

4      4.       SIZE

5      5.       HEAT DISSIPATION

6      6.       VIBRATION DAMPING

7      7.       CLUTCH FREE PEDAL PLAY

8      8.       INERSIA

9       9.       EASILY OPERATED

                    TYPE OF CLUTCHES

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE MAIN TYPES OF CLUTCHES

1.       FRICTIONAL  CLUTCHES

2.       FLUID FLY WHEEL

AIR BAG

THESE ARE DESIGNED TO KEEP YOUR HEAD , NECK , CHEEK FROM SLAMMING INTO THE DASHBOARD, STEERING WHEEL OR WIND SHIELD. WHEN A COLLISION IS OCCUR , DUE TO COLLISION CAR IS STOP BUT THE PASSENGER INSIDE WILL CONTINUE TO MOVE UNLESS THEIR MOMENTUM IS DESTROYED. THE OBJECTIVE OF USING THE AIR BAG IS TO SLOT ON THE OCCUPANTS SPEED TO ZERO WITH LITTLE OR NO DAMAGE UNDER THE FOLLOWING CONDITION
1. THE SPACE BETWEEN THE PASSENGER AND THE STEERING WHEEL OR DASHBOARD IS VERY SMALL.
2. THERE IS ONLY FRACTION OF SECOND TIME AVAILABLE

THE AIR BAG CONSISTS OF FOLLOWING COMPONENT 

THE BAG   IT IS MADE UP OF NYLON FABRIC. IT IS FOLDED INTO THE STEERING WHEEL OR DASHBOARD OR DOOR.

SENSOR  IT IS THE DEVICE THAT TRIGGER THE INFLATION OF THE BAG. THE SENSOR RECEIVE INFORMATION FROM ACCELEROMETER WITH IN A MICRO CHIP WHEN A COLLISION OCCUR WITH A FORCE EQUIVALENT TO RUNNING A CONCRETE WALL AT ABOUT 20 KPH. A ELECTRICAL CONTACT IS CLOSED WHICH FLIPPS A MECHANICAL SWITCH TO FIRE THE THE PROPELLANT.

INFLATION SYSTEM  IT USE A SOLID PROPELLANT AND IGNITER . THE PROPELLANT UNIT CONTAINS SODIUM AZIDE AND POTASSIUM NITRATE . WHEN FIRED BY THE SENSOR , THESE REACT TO PRODUCE NITROGEN GAS WHICH INFLATES THE AIR BAG QUICKLY . THE TIME TAKEN IS OF MILLISECONDS . WHEN FULLY INFLATED , THE PRESSURE IN THE AIR BAG IS 80 MPa AND THE PROPELLANT UNIT HEATS UP TO 160`C. A SECOND LATER , THE GAS QUICKLY DISSIPATES THROUGH TINY HOLE IN THE BAG , THUS DEFLECTING THE BAG.

air bag and seat belt safety system 

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